Modernization attempts and foreign pressures.
The Qajar dynasty (1794–1925 CE) was founded by Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar after the fall of the Zands, marking a new era in Iran’s history. The Qajars restored central authority, rebuilt Tehran as their capital, and oversaw a long period of transformation — from traditional monarchy to the dawn of constitutionalism. During the reign of Fath Ali Shah and Naser al-Din Shah, Iran faced European imperial expansion, losing territories in the Caucasus but modernizing internal administration, communication, and diplomacy. The later kings, especially Mozaffar ad-Din Shah, presided over the Constitutional Revolution (1905–1911), which introduced Iran’s first parliament. The dynasty ended when Reza Khan seized power in 1925, establishing the Pahlavi era.