Theocratic–republican system post-1979.
The Islamic Republic of Iran (1979–present) was founded after the Iranian Revolution, which ended the Pahlavi monarchy and established a new political system based on the principles of Islam and republicanism. The system introduced a unique dual authority — combining democratic institutions with religious leadership. The revolution was led by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, who became the Republic’s first Supreme Leader. Since then, Iran has developed a strong independent identity, emphasizing cultural revival, scientific progress, and resistance to foreign dominance. The country has seen multiple presidents, each shaping its modern history through reform, reconstruction, and diplomacy. This period continues to define Iran’s contemporary role in the world — politically, scientifically, and culturally.